由國際私法理論探討兩岸婚姻事件裁判管轄權問題之解決

管安露 

摘            要

    管轄權的行使是國家司法主權的具體體現，而國際裁判管轄權的確認則是處理涉外民事案件的先決條件，並直接關係到審理案件的結果，各國就特定涉外事件據以決定有無國際裁判管轄權之依據，稱之為「管轄權根據」，由於法律制度形成的環境以及歷史文化之差異，各國所採用之管轄權根據即未必一致，但針對涉外婚姻事件，仍有某些原則以及依據經常為各國所採用。又因為各國民事國際裁判管轄權的不斷擴張、各國有關管轄權規定不同及當事人挑選法院的結果，經常造成管轄權衝突，並因而產生訴訟競合之現象，使得相關法院作出不同的判決，影響當事人權益以及國家之間正常交往關係。目前兩岸皆未就兩岸婚姻事件管轄權之問題予以明確清楚之規範，實務上對於解決此問題之做法亦不一致，爰透過各國立法例、國際公約、司法實踐之介紹，從立法政策及司法審判實務上兩個角度，加以分析說明台灣地區應如何解決法院處理兩岸婚姻事件時所面臨的管轄權確定以及管轄權衝突之問題。
　

 關鍵字 管轄權 管轄權根據 屬地管轄原則 屬人管轄原則 管轄權積極衝突 訴訟競合

        國籍 住所 慣居地 設籍地

Abstract

Jurisdiction exercising is the national judicature sovereignty specifically manifests. The international umpire jurisdiction confirmation is the precondition of the civil cases concerning foreign affairs and concerning the result of cases adjudication directly. Each state decides the basis of the specific foreign affair cases whether there is international umpire jurisdiction or not, that is called “Jurisdiction Basis”. Because of the differences of legal system formative environment and historical culture, the jurisdiction basis adopted by each state is not consistent. But in view of the foreign matrimony cases, some certain principles are still adopted by each state frequently. And further because for the international civil umpire jurisdiction of each state is unceasing expansion, the difference of various states jurisdiction stipulation and the result of litigants choose the court, it creates the jurisdiction conflict frequently and thus produces the phenomenon of the lawsuit competence. It will cause the correlation court to make the different decision, and affect the litigant rights and interest as well as the normal contact relations of each state. At present the Cross-strait does not regulate clearly about the jurisdiction of the cross-strait matrimony cases. The Cross-strait court take different method to solve this problem in. This article introduces the legal regulation of various states, international convention and judicial practice, which is from the viewpoints of legislative policy and trial practice to analyze the court in Taiwan district how to solve the jurisdiction confirmation and jurisdiction conflict problems on the Cross-strait matrimony cases.

Keywords：Jurisdiction, Jurisdiction Basis, Territorial Jurisdiction Principal, Nationality Jurisdiction Principal,

                    Jurisdiction Active Conflict, Lawsuit Competence, Nationality, Domicile, Habitual