非政府組織、理念規範與議題網絡對主權國家的影響：螺旋理論模型的修正

辛翠玲

摘            要

    國家是否會接受國際間的規範？假若規範壓力是由來自民間社會的非政府組織領導，則其影響力又如何？螺旋模式理論根據社會建構主義，認為國家具有朝向社會化的本能，接受規範是社會化的一部份。但是螺旋模式也指出，外力施壓是必要的，藉由外來的力量，讓國家感受到社會的壓力，進而接受社會規範，而非政府組織正是這種外來壓力的策動者與發起者。在非政府組織的連結下，將國際間各種公私力量，乃至於目標國的民間部門串連起來，所形成的議題網絡，將可在幾度交手之後，使犯規國在壓力下學習規範，並進而就範。本研究認為螺旋模式的主張不盡然完整，一旦目標國與非政府組織帶動的議題網絡分別來自不同的文化價值背景時，則雙方互動未必是規範者與被規範者的關係，反而可能轉為兩種文化價值範的競爭關係。螺旋模式的預測結果並不適用。本研究並以國際人權組織針對中共處理法輪功事件所發動的議題網絡為例，說明，議題網絡與中共之間進入規範競爭的辯論中，然而，由於議題網絡對於中共而言，又是不具有立即且明顯的威脅，面對這樣的競爭對手，中共因而選擇以不退讓、不放鬆，但亦不需提高競爭層面的冷處理方式應對。

 關鍵字 非政府組織議題網絡  法輪功  螺旋模式  社會建構主義

Abstract

To what extent will the state be normalized? Will civil society be able to normalize norm-violation states? Spiral model, based on social constructivism, asserts that a non-governmental organization-led issue network, comprised of various international, public, or private support systems, as well as civil forces, could effectively exert pressure the target state after several rounds of interactions. This paper does not intend to challenge the spiral model, but points out that the spiral model fails to consider if the issue network and target states are of different cultural backgrounds. In such a case, the issue network and target state would tend to compete with each other; both endeavoring to defend their own beliefs of the norm. Therefore Spiral Model can not be applied to such cases. This paper uses the Falungong event as an example. The analysis shows that the issue network did not help to normalize the PRC authorities, rather the two parties entered into a series of norm arguments, where each held to their own interpretations of human rights. Moreover, the PRC obviously did not take the issue network as a compatible competitor, and therefore never bothered to discuss this issue in the international political arena.

Keywords:  non-governmental organization, issue network, Falun,

spiral model, social constructivism