◊Discover of Superconductor

  1905  Success of liquifing helium.

  1911  The phenomenon (ρ=0), called superconductivity, was observed first by Kamerlingh Onnes in Leiden. 

  1913  Kamerlingh Onnes was awarded the Nobel prize. 

◊BCS Theory

                                                Bardeen, Cooper, and Schriefer were awarded the Nobel prize for BCS theory

        1957  BCS Theory

◊Destruction of Superconducivity by magnetic fields

◊HTS (High-Temperature Superconductor)

1988  The long-standing 23 K ceiling of T_c in intermetallic compounds had  been elevated to 125 K

          in bulk superconducting oxides.    

1994  HTS showed promise in pre-commercial applications, as in thin film devices, and wires were being fabricated.

          Levitated vehicles and long distance power transmission have not arrived.

◊Application of HTS (High-Temperature Superconductor)

◊The bottleneck of HTS